Supra-inguinal fascia iliaca block in older-old patients for hip fractures: a retrospective study

Abstract Background: Pain management in hip fracture patients is of great importance for reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality. Multimodal techniques, including peripheral nerve blocks, are preferred for postoperative analgesia. Older-old hip fracture patients with high ASA scores are highly sensitive to the side effects of NSAIDs and opioids. Our aim was to investigate the effectiveness of the recently popularized Supra-Inguinal Fascia Iliaca Block (SIFIB) in this population. Methods: Forty-one ASA III-IV patients who underwent SIFIB + PCA (G-SIFIB) or PCA alone (Group Control: GC) after general anesthesia were evaluated retrospectively. In addition to 24-hour opioid consumption, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores, opioid-related side effects, block-related complications, and length of hospital stay were compared. Results: Twenty-two patients in G-SIFIB and 19 patients in GC were evaluated. The postoperative 24-hour opioid consumption was lower in G-SIFIB than in GC (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant reduction in VAS scores at the postoperative 1st, 3rd, and 6th hours at rest (p < 0.001) and during movement (p < 0.001 for the 1st and 3rd hours, and p = 0.02 for the 6th hour) in G-SIFIB compared to GC. There was no difference in pain scores at the 12th and 24th hours postoperatively. While there was no difference between the groups in terms of other side effects, respiratory depression was significantly higher in GC than in G-SIFIB (p = 0.01). Conclusion: The SIFIB technique has a significant opioid-sparing effect and thus reduces opioid-related side effects in the first 24 hours after hip fracture surgery in older-old patients.

The Effects Between Spinal and General Anesthesia for Pre-Eclamptic Mothers Underwent Caesarean Delivery in a Tertiary Care Hospital- A Comparative Study

Background: Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder characterized by new onset of hypertension systolic blood pressure ?140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ?90 mmHg and proteinuria >300 mg/24 h arising after 20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive woman and associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Women with preeclampsia have an increased rate of cesarean section consequent upon the high incidence of intrauterine growth restriction, fetal distress, and prematurity. The aim of this study was to determine and compare maternal & neonatal outcome among pre-eclamptic women following caesarian delivery under general and spinal anesthesia. Material & Methods: This was a comparative observational study and was conducted in the Department of Anesthesiology of Holy Family red crescent Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from February,2020 to February,2023. In this study we included 250 preeclamptic women undergoing cesarean delivery. The patients were randomly divided into two groups – GA group (Patients who were given general anesthesia) & SA group (Patients who were given spinal anesthesia). Results: In total 250 patients from both the groups completed the study. In our study we found majority (44.8%) of our patients were aged 28-32 years. The mean age was 27.13 ± 3.76 years. Majority (62.8% ) of our patients were cases of emergency caesarean delivery & 37.2% were elective caesarean delivery classes. Most of the students (41.2%) used magnesium sulfate. Intraoperative systolic BP, diastolic BP was significantly lower in SA group than GA group. We found headache, vomiting, fever and wound gaping, postpartum hemorrhage & lower respiratory tract infection was significantly higher in GA group. On contrary, hypotension & pulmonary edema was higher in SA group. Apgar score at 1st, 5th & 10th minutes was significantly higher in GA group than SA group. In GA group, neonatal mortality at 48 h was 10.4% whereas it was 4.8% in SA group. Conclusion: In our study, we found intra-operative blood pressure and pulse rate was observed significantly higher in GA group than SA. Severe preeclamptic mothers receiving general anesthesia and their babies required more critical care support. Maternal as well as neonatal mortality was significantly higher with general anesthesia. Therefore, spinal anesthesia is a safer alternative to general anesthesia among women with severe preeclampsia following caesarean delivery with less postoperative morbidity and mortality.

A Comparative Analysis Between Spinal and General Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery

Background: Many surgeries can be performed with spinal anesthesia (SA) or general anesthesia (GA). However, there are only limited and confounding data available regarding costs and anesthesia-related times. Hip or knee replacement are common orthopedic surgeries that can be performed using SA or GA without differences regarding mortality or morbidity. Observational studies have suggested that spinal anesthesia may be associated with lower risks of death, delirium and major medical complications and with shorter lengths of stay in the hospital than general anesthesia. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effects of spinal versus general anesthesia on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Material & Methods: This was a comparative observational study and was conducted in the Department of Anesthesiology of Holy Family red crescent Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from March,2021 to March,2023. In this study we included 200 patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. The patients were randomly divided into two groups – Group A (Patients who were given general anesthesia) & Group B (Patients who were given spinal anesthesia). Results: In total 200 patients from both the groups completed the study. In our study we found majority (44.5%) of our patients were aged 60-69 years and most of our patients were female (56%) compared to male (44%).The mean age of our patients was 61.73 ± 7.92 years. The mean BMI was 31.67±3.24 kg/m.2Among all patients ,48% had mild systemic disease and followed by 31.5% had severe systemic disease. Majority (43.5%) of our patients had hypertension, 31% had diabetes. Vomiting was found 47% in group A on contrary only 23% had vomiting in spinal group. We found the mean anesthesia induction time was significantly higher in spinal group. Anesthesia time was lower in spinal group while PACU time was higher in group B. Time duration of surgery was significantly lower in spinal group. After 24 hours, spinal group showed less pain score than general anesthesia group. Conclusion: In our study, we found that SA is associated with less fixed and variable costs and lower postoperative pain scores during the stay in the PACU. Therefore, SA is a more reasonable alternative to GA in the immediate postoperative period for patients undergoing hip or knee replacement. When compared to general anaesthesia, spinal anaesthesia provides better operating circumstances, better postoperative pain control, and faster postoperative recovery.

Anesthetic Management for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry Analysis

Background: General anesthesia has traditionally been used in transcatheter aortic valve replacement; however, there has been increasing interest and momentum in alternative anesthetic techniques. Aims: To perform a descriptive study of anesthetic management options in transcatheter aortic valve replacements in the United States, comparing trends in use of monitored anesthesia care versus general anesthesia. Settings and Design: Data evaluated from the American Society of Anesthesiologists� (ASA) Anesthesia Quality Institute抯 National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry. Materials and Methods: Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors associated with use of monitored anesthesia care compared to general anesthesia. Results: The use of monitored anesthesia care has increased from 1.8% of cases in 2013 to 25.2% in 2017 (p = 0.0001). Patients were more likely ages 80+ (66% vs. 61%; p = 0.0001), male (54% vs. 52%; p = 0.0001), ASA physical status > III (86% vs. 80%; p = 0.0001), cared for in the Northeast (38% vs. 22%; p = 0.0001), and residents in zip codes with higher median income ($63,382 vs. $55,311; p = 0.0001). Multivariable analysis revealed each one-year increase in age, every 50 procedures performed annually at a practice, and being male were associated with 3% (p = 0.0001), 33% (p = 0.012), and 16% (p = 0.026) increased odds of monitored anesthesia care, respectively. Centers in the Northeast were more likely to use monitored anesthesia care (all p < 0.005). Patients who underwent approaches other than percutaneous femoral arterial were less likely to receive monitored anesthesia care (adjusted odds ratios all < 0.51; all p = 0.0001). Conclusion: Anesthetic type for transcatheter aortic valve replacements in the United States varies with age, sex, geography, volume of cases performed at a center, and procedural approach.

Obstructive sleep apnea in surgical patients and its relationship with difficult intubation: two years of experience from a single center

Abstract Background and objectives: In this study, we aimed to determine the risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients undergoing elective surgery and its relationship with difficult intubation (DI). Methods: This prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2018 and February 2020 in the anesthesiology and reanimation service of a training and research hospital. The study included patients who were ASA I-II, 18 years of age, and older who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia. A form regarding the baseline characteristics of the participants as well as STOP-Bang score, Mallampati, and Cormack-Lehane classification was used to collect the data. Results: The study included 307 patients. It was determined that 64.2% of patients had a high risk of OSA. The presence of DI (determined by repeated attempts at intubation) was 28.6% in the high-risk OSA group, while there was no DI in the low-risk OSA group. A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of OSA risk according to the presence of DI according to repeated attempts, Cormack-Lehane classification, and Mallampati classification (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Due to the high rate of DI in patients with a high risk of OSA, the security of the airway in these patients is endangered. Early clinical recognition of OSA can help in designing a safer care plan.

Nasogastric tube insertion using conventional versus bubble technique for its confirmation in anesthetized patients: a prospective randomized study

Abstract Background: Nasogastric tube insertion and confirmation of its position can be difficult in the anesthetized patient. The purpose of the present study was to compare the bubble technique with the conventional method for confirmation of nasogastric tube placement in these patients. Methods: Two hundred sixty adult patients, aged between 20-70 years, posted for surgeries requiring general anesthesia, tracheal intubation, and a nasogastric tube were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomized into 2 groups: Group B (Bubble group) and Group C (Control group). In Group C, a conventional technique using a lubricated nasogastric tube was positioned through the nostril with head remained neutral. In Group B, 2% lidocaine jelly was added to the proximal end to form a single bubble. The correct placement of the nasogastric tube in the stomach was confirmed by fluoroscopy by an independent observer intraoperatively. Results: The duration of nasogastric tube insertion was 57.2 ± 13.3seconds in Group B and 59.8 ± 11.9seconds in Group C (p = 0.111). The confirmation rate of the bubble technique was 76.8% (95% CI: 68.7-83.3), which was significantly better than the conventional method where the confirmation rate was 59.7% (95% CI 50.9-67.9), p< 0.001. When compared to fluoroscopy, bubble technique was found to have a sensitivity of 92.3% (95% CI: 85.6-96.1) with specificity of 81.0% (95% CI: 60.0-92.3), positive predictive value of 96.0% (95% CI: 90.2-98.4), and a moderate negative predictive value of 68.0% (95% CI: 48.4-82.8). Conclusions: The bubble technique of nasogastric tube insertion has a higher confirmation rate in comparison to the conventional technique. Trial Registry Number: Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2018/09/015864).

Research Progress in the Relationship Between White Matter, General Anesthesia,and Cognitive Function / 中国医学科学院学报

The role of white matter of brain has always been neglected by scholars.With the development of neuroimaging technology,the role of white matter has attracted increasing attention.Perioperative neurocognitive disorders have been a hot issue in the research on anesthesia,and recent studies have suggested that white matter may be involved in the effects of general anesthetics on cognitive function.This paper reviews the progress in the relationship between white matter,general anesthesia,and cognitive function from clinical practice and research,aiming to provide new ideas for the research on the mechanism.

Facilitation of behavioral and cortical emergence from isoflurane anesthesia by GABAergic neurons in basal forebrain / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To reveal the role of the basal forebrain(BF)GABAergic neurons in the regulation of isoflurane anesthesia and to elucidate the underlying neural pathways.METHODS The activity of BF GABAer-gic neurons was monitored during isoflurane anesthesia using a genetically encoded calcium indicator in Vgat-Cre mice of both sexes.The activity of BF GABAer-gic neurons was manipulated by chemogenetic and opto-genetic approaches.Sensitivity,induction time and emer-gence time of isoflurane anesthesia were estimated by righting reflex.The electroencephalogram(EEG)power and burst-suppression were monitored by EEG recording.The effects of activation of GABAergic BF-thalamic reticu-lar nucleus(TRN)pathway on isoflurane anesthesia were investigated with optogenetics.RESULTS The activity of BF GABAergic neurons was generally inhibited during isoflurane anesthesia,obviously decreased during the induction of anesthesia and gradually restored during the emergence from anesthesia.Activation of BF GABAergic neurons with chemogenetics and optogenetics promoted behavioral emergence from isoflurane anesthesia,with decreased sensitivity to isoflurane,delayed induction and accelerated emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.Optogenetic activation of BF GABAergic neurons prom-oted cortical activity during isoflurane anesthesia,with decreased EEG delta power and burst suppression ratio during 0.8%and 1.4%isoflurane anesthesia,respectively.Similar to the effects of activating BF GABAergic cell bod-ies,photostimulation of BF GABAergic terminals in the TRN also strongly promoted cortical activation and behav-ioral emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.CONCLU-SION The GABAergic neurons in the BF is a key neural substrate for general anesthesia regulation that facilitates behavioral and cortical emergence from general anesthe-sia via the BF-TRN pathway.

Effect of dexmedetomidine on cough reactions during recovery from general anesthesia in thyroid tumor surgery / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of dexmedetomidine on cough reactions and related indexes during recovery from general anesthesia in thyroid tumor surgery.Methods:A total of 90 patients with thyroid tumor who underwent general anesthesia for thyroid tumor surgery from July 2019 to July 2021 in the First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City, Henan Province were selected and divided into the observation group (45 cases) and the control group (45 cases) according to the random number table method. The observation group was given dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg intravenously at the beginning of the surgery, and the intravenous drip time should not be less than 10 min; the control group was given the same dose of normal saline intravenously. The recovery time and extubation time of the two groups were compared, and the incidence of cough reactions during the recovery from general anesthesia was compared. Changes of visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain at 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after surgery, and the changes of stress response indexes [cortisol (Cor), epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE)] and pain factors [prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and β-endorphin (β-EP)] before and 48 h after surgery were compared.Results:The recovery time and extubation time in the observation group [(15.62 ± 3.64), (18.27 ± 4.25) min] were faster than those in the control group [(23.12 ± 4.53), (25.65 ± 3.89) min, P < 0.001]. The incidence of cough reactions during recovery from general anesthesia in the observation group [8.89% (4/45)] was lower than that in the control group [28.89% (13/45), P = 0.015]. The VAS score in the observation group was lower than that in the control group at 6 h, 24 h and 48 h after surgery ( P < 0.001). The levels of serum Cor, E and NE at 48 h after surgery in both groups were higher than those before surgery ( P < 0.001); and the serum Cor, E, and NE levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group at 48 h after surgery ( P < 0.001). The serum PGE2 and NPY levels of the two groups at 48 h after surgery were higher than those before surgery, while β-EP level was lower than that before surgery ( P < 0.001); the serum PGE2 and NPY levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group at 48 h after surgery, while β-EP level was higher than that in the control group ( P < 0.001). Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine can reduce the cough reactions during recovery from general anesthesia in thyroid tumor surgery, significantly reduce pain, and has little effect on stress response and pain factors.

Manejo anestésico de gestantes con la COVID-19 en un centro de nivel terciario / Anesthetic Management of Pregnant Women with COVID-19 in a Tertiary- Level Cente

Introducción: Se exponen los resultados de la atención anestesiológica en un Centro de Carácter Provincial, destinado a la cirugía obstétrica de pacientes gestantes tributarias de cesárea y enfermas por la COVID-19. Objetivo: Mostrar los resultados de una etapa de trabajo, bajo situación epidemiológica excepcional y durante la existencia de más de una cepa circulante de SARS-CoV 2. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, longitudinal, prospectiva; se incluyeron 70 embarazadas diagnosticadas con la COVID-19 y diverso grado de afectación pulmonar y sistémica. Resultados: Se consideraron graves 49 (85,96 %), se empleó la anestesia general orotraqueal en 54 (97,73 %), resultaron fallecidas en el posoperatorio 14 (26,31 %) y en el transoperatorio 1 (1,75 %). Del total arribaron ventiladas a la Unidad Quirúrgica 33 (57,89 %) y 49 (85,96 %) presentaron hipoxemia severa al arribo del quirófano. Se logró extubar al final de la intervención solo a 21 (36,84 %), únicamente se efectuaron tres anestesias regionales. El distrés respiratorio en 39 (68,42 %) casos, el fallo circulatorio en 17 (29,82 %) y la presencia de derrames pericárdicos en 13 (22,80 %) casos, fueron los hallazgos asociados. El tiempo entre diagnóstico y decisión de cesárea en beneficio materno fue de 2 días promedio. Conclusiones: Se mostraron los resultados de una etapa de trabajo, bajo situación epidemiológica excepcional, durante la existencia de más de una cepa circulante de SARS-CoV 2. La mayoría de las pacientes atendidas requirieron ventilación invasiva, la anestesia general fue la técnica a emplear, la disfunción pulmonar asociado a la falla cardiocirculatoria fueron condiciones presentes y determinantes del resultado, el cumplimiento de las medidas de bioseguridad evitó el contagio del personal durante todo el período(AU)

Introduction: The results of anesthesiological care are presented as it was provided in a provincial center for obstetric surgery of pregnant patients candidates for a cesarean section and who were ill with COVID-19. Objective: To show the results of a working stage, under an exceptional epidemiological situation and during the existence of more than one circulating strain of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was carried out. Seventy pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 and varying degrees of pulmonary and systemic involvement were included. Results: Forty-nine (85.96 %) were considered as severe cases, orotracheal general anesthesia was used in 54 (97.73 %), 14 (26.31 %) died postoperatively and one (1.75 %) died during surgery. Of the total, 33 (57.89 %) were ventilated on arrival to the surgical unit and 49 (85.96 %) presented severe hypoxemia on arrival to the operating room. Only 21 (36.84 %) were extubated at the end of the operation and only three regional anesthetic procedures were performed. Respiratory distress in 39 (68.42 %) cases, circulatory failure in 17 (29.82 %) cases and the presence of pericardial effusions in 13 (22.80 %) cases were the associated findings. The time between diagnosis and decision for a cesarean section based on maternal benefit was two days on average. Conclusions: The results of a working stage under an exceptional epidemiological situation and during the existence of more than one circulating strain of SARS-CoV-2 were shown. Most of the attended patients required invasive ventilation. General anesthesia was the technique to be used. Pulmonary dysfunction in association with cardiocirculatory failure were present conditions that determined the results. Compliance with biosafety measures prevented the staff contagion during the entire period(AU)

Manejo anestésico en gestante con hígado graso agudo / Anesthetic management in pregnant women with acute fatty liver

Introducción: El hígado graso agudo del embarazo es una complicación poco frecuente y potencialmente fatal. Objetivo: Describir el manejo anestésico en una gestante portadora de enfermedad del hígado graso agudo. Presentación del caso: Se trata de una gestante de 19 años de edad con antecedentes de hipotiroidismo posquirúrgico, anunciada para procedimiento quirúrgico de urgencia para realizarle cesárea por presentar hígado graso agudo del embarazo. Conclusiones: El hígado graso agudo del embarazo obliga a realizar diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento agresivo. La atención médica interdisciplinaria y el tratamiento de soporte son decisivos en la evolución favorable. La cesárea es el método más seguro de la terminación del embarazo y se debe recomendar para reducir el riesgo de resultados adversos. La administración de anestesia general orotraqueal para la cesárea de urgencia garantiza un abordaje quirúrgico seguro y eficaz.

Introduction: The acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a rare and potentially fatal complication. Objective: To describe anesthetic management in a pregnant woman who carries acute fatty liver disease. Case report: This is a 19 year-old pregnant woman with a history of postoperative hypothyroidism, announced for emergency surgical procedure to perform cesarean section due to acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Conclusions: The acute fatty liver of pregnancy requires early diagnosis and aggressive treatment. Interdisciplinary medical care and supportive treatment are decisive in the favorable evolution. Caesarean section is the safest method of pregnancy termination and should be recommended to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. The administration of orotracheal general anesthesia for emergency cesarean section ensures a safe and effective surgical approach.

Comparison of transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement under local versus general anesthesia in patients with aortic stenosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To systematically review the efficacy and safety of transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TFTAVR) under local anesthesia (LA) and general anesthesia (GA). Methods    Electronic databases including PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, WanFang and CBM were searched to collect randomized controlled trial and cohort studies on clinical outcomes of TFTAVR under LA and GA from inception to September 2020. Two authors independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the quality of studies, and a meta-analysis was performed by using Stata 16.0 software. Results    A total of 30 studies involving 52 087 patients were included in this study. There were 18 719 patients in the LA group and 33 368 patients in the GA group. The results of meta-analysis showed that the in-hospital all-cause mortality rate [RR=0.65, 95%CI (0.45, 0.94), P=0.021], 30-day all-cause mortality rate [RR=0.73, 95%CI (0.62, 0.86), P<0.001], 30-day stroke [RR=0.82, 95%CI (0.68, 0.98), P=0.025], cardiac arrest [RR=0.50, 95%CI (0.34, 0.73), P<0.001], ICU stay time [RR=−6.86, 95%CI (−12.31, −1.42), P=0.013], and total hospital stay  time [RR=−2.02, 95%CI (−2.59, −1.45), P<0.001] in the LA group were all better than those in the GA group. There was no significant difference in the in-hospital stroke [RR=0.83, 95%CI (0.69, 1.00), P=0.053], in-hospital myocardial infarction (MI) [RR=1.74, 95%CI (0.43, 7.00), P=0.434], or 30-day MI [RR=0.77, 95%CI (0.42, 1.42), P=0.404] between the two groups. Conclusion    LA provides a safe and effective way to induce sedation without intubation, and may be a good alternative to GA for TFTAVR.

Application of tracheal catheter extraction before consciousness recovery under general anesthesia in patients with hypertension / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Extubation during the recovery period of general anesthesia patients often causes hemodynamic fluctuations and increases myocardial oxygen consumption, which is easy to cause myocardial hypoxia, ischemia and cardiovascular complications. Especially for patients with hypertension, hemodynamic fluctuation is more obvious, and the risk of anesthesia is greater. The timing of tracheal catheter extubation is one of the key factors affecting cardiovascular reactions and related complications. This paper reported the data of 35 patients with hypertension who underwent general anesthesia from May. 2020 to Jun. 2021 in Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and analyzed the technical advantages of tracheal catheter removal before consciousness recovery under general anesthesia.

General anesthesia versus deep sedation for dental treatment in children: comparison of parental acceptance, oral health-related quality of life, and treatment efficacy / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the parental acceptance of dental treatment under general anesthesia and deep sedation in children and assess the changes in postoperative oral health-related quality of life and treatment efficacy.@*METHODS@#The parents of 131 children undergoing dental treatment in the Department of Stomatology of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from January, 2022 to June, 2022 were surveyed using a questionnaire of children's advanced oral behavior management, and 83 children receiving general anesthesia or deep sedation for dental treatment between January, 2018 and December, 2021 were also investigated for changes in quality of life after the treatment using a questionnaire. The treatment efficacy was assessed at the 1-year follow-up visit in 149 children who received dental treatment under general anesthesia or deep sedation during the same period.@*RESULTS@#The survey of perantal acceptance showed that 62.6% of the parents preferred deep sedation, 29.01% preferred general anesthesia, and 8.4% preferred compulsory treatment. Dental treatments under general anesthesia and deep sedation both significantly improved oral health-related quality of life of the children. While dental surgeries under general anesthesia resulted in the most significant improvement of pain symptoms, deep sedation was associated with both obvious relief of the children's pain symptoms and reduction of the parents' pressure level. No significant difference was found in the efficacy of treatments under general anesthesia and deep sedation at the 1-year follow-up.@*CONCLUSION@#Dental treatment in children under deep sedation has the highest parental acceptance, followed by treatment under general anesthesia, and the acceptance of compulsory treatment is the lowest. The treatments under general anesthesia and deep sedation significantly improve the quality of life of the children and their parents and both have good treatment efficacy.

A short-term analysis of the modification process of the plaque microbial community before and after treatment in children with S-ECC / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @# To explore from the perspective of microorganisms the changes in plaque microbial community of children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) before and 3 months after dental treatment. Meanwhile to show the effect of treatment on the maintenance of long- term caries-free state. @*Methods@# S-ECC children completed dental treatment under general anesthesia. We collected plaque from caries-free dental surfaces before treatment (caries, C) and at the postoperative follow-up review time points of 7 days (C-7D), 1 month (C-1 M), and 3 months (C-3 M). We included caries-free children (caries free, CF) as the control group to analyze the dynamic modification process of the plaque microbial community in the short-term pre- and postdental treatment.@*Results@#Species clustering analysis showed that the compositions of the microbial communities of the S-ECC and CF groups were highly similar. The α diversity index was not statistically significant (P>0.05). From the analysis of the relative abundance, Leptotrichia spp. and Aggregatibacter spp. decreased after treatment compared with before treatment (P<0.05). Streptococcus sanguinis in the C-7D group increased compared with that in the C group and gradually decreased within 3 months. Veillonella spp., Actinomyces spp., Allprevotella spp., Capnocytophaga spp., and Streptococcus mutans differed between the C and CF groups (P<0.05), Streptococcus mutans did not differ significantly between the C-7D and C-1 M groups and the CF group after treatment, while C-3 M showed an increase compared with the CF group (P<0.01). @*Conclusion@#The rapid change in the structure of the flora of children with S-ECC after treatment. The plaque microbial community structure in a caries-free state gradually starts to be established 1-3 months after treatment. There is a "core microbiota" in the oral plaque community that jointly maintains microecological stability. Veillonella spp., Allprevotella spp. and Streptococcus mutans have potential as possible microbial markers.

Efectividad de la profilaxis antiemética en el posoperatorio de pacientes operados por cirugía de mínimo acceso

Anestesia, náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios van unidas prácticamente desde que la anestesia general se introdujo en la práctica clínica quirúrgica, y todavía en la actualidad sigue presentando una incidencia inaceptablemente alta. Con el objetivo de evaluarla efectividad de la medicación preanestésica antiemética con ondansetrón en comparación con dexametasona, en la prevención de la aparición de náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios, se realizó un estudio prospectivo, cuasiexperimental, con grupo control no equivalente en pacientes operados por cirugía de mínimo acceso en el hospital provincial general "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes″ de Bayamo, entre septiembre 2017 hasta diciembre 2020, distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 78 pacientes cada uno: el grupo I tratado con ondansetrón, y el grupo II tratado con dexametasona. Fueron utilizados el test del Xi-cuadrado (X2), y la prueba de diferencias de proporciones, con un valor de p = 0,05; los pacientes entre 40 a 49 años de edad, el sexo femenino, ASA II, sin antecedentes de náuseas y vómitos; y con estratificación de riesgo intermedio de nausea y vómitos, fueron más frecuente en el grupo al que se le administró dexametasona. En el grupo I, el mayor número de pacientes tuvo intensidad leve y un número reducido de pacientes requirieron rescate antiemético con dimenhidrinato. En el grupo II, el mayor número de pacientes reportó intensidad moderada seguida de fuerte, requiriendo rescate antiemético. Se concluyó que la administración de ondansetrón en monoterapia es más efectiva en la prevención de la aparición de náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios que la administración de dexametasona.

Postoperative anaesthesia, nausea and vomiting have been linked practically since general anaesthesia was introduced into clinical surgical practice, and still today it continues to have an unacceptably high incidence. With the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of preanesthetic antiemetic medication with ondansetron compared to dexamethasone, in the prevention of the appearance of postoperative nausea and vomiting, a prospective, quasi-experimental study was carried out with a control group not equivalent in patients operated by minimally accessible surgery in the general provincial hospital "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" of Bayamo. between September 2017 to December 2020, randomly distributed into two groups of 78 patients each: group I treated with ondansetron, and group II treated with dexamethasone. The Xi-square test (X2) and the proportions differences test were used, with a value of p = 0.05; patients between 40 and 49 years of age, female, ASA II, with no history of nausea and vomiting; and with intermediate risk stratification of nausea and vomiting, were more frequent in the group administered dexamethasone. In group I, the largest number of patients had mild intensity and a small number of patients required antiemetic rescue with dimenhydrinate. In group II, the largest number of patients reported moderate intensity followed by strong intensity, requiring antiemetic rescue. It was concluded that ondansetron monotherapy is more effective in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting than dexamethasone administration.

Anestesia pós-operatória, náuseas e vômitos têm sido associados praticamente desde que a anestesia geral foi introduzida na prática clínica cirúrgica, e ainda hoje continua a ter uma incidência inaceitavelmente alta. Como objetivo de avaliar a eficácia da medicação antiemética pré-anestésica com ondansetrona comparada à dexametasona na prevenção do aparecimento de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios, foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, quase experimental, com um grupo controle não equivalente em pacientes operados por cirurgia minimamente acessível no hospital geral provincial "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" de Bayamo entre setembro de 2017 a dezembro de 2020, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de 78 pacientes cada: grupo I tratado com ondansetron e grupo II tratado com dexametasona. Foram utilizados o teste do xi-quadrado (X2) e o teste de diferenças de proporções, com valor de p = 0,05; pacientes entre 40 e 49 anos, sexo feminino, ASA II, sem história de náuseas e vômitos; e com estratificação de risco intermediário para náuseas e vômitos, foram mais frequentes no grupo que recebeu dexametasona. No grupo I, o maior número de pacientes apresentou intensidade leve e um pequeno número de pacientes necessitou de resgate antiemético com dimenidrinato. No grupo II, o maior número de pacientes relatou intensidade moderada seguida de intensidade forte, necessitando de resgate antiemético. Concluiu-se que a monoterapia com ondansetrona é mais efetiva na prevenção de náuseas e vômitos pós-operatórios do que a administração de dexametasona.

Approach and anesthetic management for kidney transplantation in a patient with bilateral lung transplantation: case report

Abstract Lung transplantation is the last resort for end-stage lung disease treatment. Due to increased survival, lung recipients present an increased likelihood to be submitted to anesthesia and surgery. This case report describes a 23-year-old female patient with history of lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis, with multiple complications, and chronic kidney disease, and who underwent kidney transplantation under general anesthesia. Understanding the pathophysiology and changes related to immunosuppressive therapy is essential to anesthetic technique planning and safety, and for perioperative management. The success of both anesthesia and surgery requires a qualified multidisciplinary team due to the rarity of the clinical scenario and high incidence of associated morbidity and mortality.

Anesthesia and breastfeeding / Lactancia materna y anestesia

Abstract The importance of breastfeeding with its positive impact on the wellbeing of the mother-infant pair is well established. Anesthesiologists should encourage the promotion of lactation by being willing to give reassurance during the preoperative period and preparing a plan that does not interfere with safe breastfeeding. There is concern regarding the transfer of drugs into breast milk, which may lead to inconsistent advice from many health professionals and to early discontinuation. However, evidence shows that most anesthetic drugs are safe in terms of transfer into breast milk, and hence, compatible with breastfeeding, which should be resumed after anesthesia as soon as the mother is alert and feels well enough to hold her infant, without the need to "pump and dump". This review provides pharmacokinetic information on commonly used anesthesia drugs and their passage into breast milk, to help practitioners discuss risks and benefits with the mother, emphasizing that anesthesia should not interfere with the benefits of breastfeeding. Four practical clinical scenarios are presented: pregnant women concerned about the effect of epidural analgesia on subsequent breastfeeding, spinal anesthesia for c-section and lactation, patients who will receive general anesthesia during cesarean section, and finally women who are breastfeeding and require anesthesia for elective or urgent surgery. Neuraxial anesthesia allows for better pain control and immediate skin-to-skin contact at the time of childbirth. Also, it interferes the least with the woman's ability to care for her infant. Regional techniques, opioid-sparing techniques and outpatient surgery are preferred. Drugs such as opioids and longer-acting benzodiazepines should be administered cautiously, particularly in repeat doses.

Resumen La lactancia materna tiene evidentes beneficios para el binomio maternofetal. El anestesiólogo debe ser un agente en la promoción de la lactancia, estar dispuesto a resolver dudas en el preoperatorio y elaborar un plan que no interfiera con su seguridad. Hay preocupación referente a la transferencia de los medicamentos (endovenosos y/o neuroaxiales) hacia la leche, que puede conducir a un consejo inconsistente de muchos profesionales de la salud, lo cual contribuye a la suspensión temprana de la lactancia materna. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de que la mayoría de los medicamentos que se utilizan en la anestesia (general y neuroaxial) son compatibles con la lactancia materna. Se debe iniciar la lactancia materna después de la anestesia tan pronto como la madre esté alerta y se sienta bien, sin necesidad de extraerla y eliminarla. Esta revisión entrega información farmacocinética sobre los medicamentos y técnicas anestésicas comúnmente utilizadas para que los profesionales realicen un balance riesgo-beneficio con la madre, enfatizando que la anestesia no debe interferir con los beneficios de la lactancia. Se presentan cuatro escenarios clínicos prácticos: embarazada preocupada por el efecto de la analgesia peridural en su lactancia posterior, anestesia raquídea para cesárea y efecto en lactancia, pacientes que requieren anestesia general para cesárea y, por último, paciente puérpera que requiere anestesia para cirugía. Las técnicas neuroaxiales permiten un mejor control del dolor y contacto piel con piel precoz en el parto vaginal o cesárea, lo que facilita que la madre inicie la lactancia más rápido. Si el escenario lo permite, se prefieren técnicas regionales, técnicas ahorradoras de opioides y cirugía ambulatoria, teniendo precaución con ciertos opioides y benzodiacepinas de acción larga especialmente ante dosis repetidas.

RECURRENT SINUS ARREST DURING LAPAROSCOPIC SACRAL COLPOPEXY IN PATIENTS WITH SICK SINUS SYNDROME : A CASE REPORT

Sick sinus syndrome (SSS) is a disease in which the SA node fails to perform the function of pacemaking. ECG shows various rhythms including sinus arrest. We report recurrent sinus arrest during laparoscopic sacral colpopexy in a 77-year-old female patient with SSS. The patient was diagnosed with SSS, but as there were no symptoms, the operation was performed without pacemaker implantation. After induction of anesthesia, vital signs were stable, but sinus arrest repeatedly appeared due to elevated vagal tone during uterine traction. After operation, the patient underwent pacemaker implantation, and to this day, she is doing well without any symptoms. The anesthesiologist should pay close attention to the progress of the operation through much communication with operator during the surgery. Also, we recommend to considering temporary pacemaker implantation for patients with SSS who undergo surgery that can increase vagal tone.

A prospective comparative randomized controlled study of erector spinae plane block using local anesthetics versus general anesthesia for the perioperative control of pain in patients undergoing thoracoscopic procedures

Background: Patients posted for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgeries (VATS) are nowadays managed intraoperatively by general anesthesia (GA) with the use of oral and parenteral analgesics in the post-operative period. Ongoing research points out that the erector spinae plane block (ESP Block) with local anesthetics is a safe technique for the perioperative management of pain in thoracoscopic procedures. Aims and Objectives: Our study aimed at comparing ultrasound guided ESP block using local anesthetics versus GA for perioperative pain management in patients who underwent thoracoscopic procedures. The objectives of this research were to assess the hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing the procedure, to calculate the total amount of analgesics required by patients in the next 24 h, to assess the overall patient satisfaction and complications in the post-operative period. Materials and Methods: In this prospective comparative randomized controlled trial, 40 patients aged 18–65 years planned to undergo VATS were enrolled and randomized to either group G or group E in equal numbers depending on the anesthetic technique employed. Group G patients received GA and Group E patients received ultrasound guided ESP block. Both the groups were compared for hemodynamic stability, pain in postoperative period using visual analog scale (VAS), time to first rescue analgesia requested since induction, total amount of rescue analgesia requested, overall patient satisfaction, and post-operative complications. Results: Better control of hemodynamic parameters, less post-operative pain, prolonged duration of analgesia (P < 0.05), and requirement of lesser amount of rescue analgesics were observed in patients of Group E in comparison with patients of Group G. Side effects such as post-operative nausea and vomiting were more in patients of Group G in the first 24 h (P < 0.05). Conclusion: ESP block with local anesthetics can be used as an effective sole anesthetic technique for VATS <60 min providing a longer pain free post-operative period, lesser rescue analgesic requirement, better patient satisfaction, and lesser post-operative complications.